Astronomy fifth assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cosmology fifth task - Essay Example This view is very disputable and is known as Snowball Earth. Summarize what this hypothesis is and what is a portion of the proof for and against this theory. Snowball Earth depicts speculation that numerous years the Earth was completely or totally secured with ice that extended from the shafts to tropics. The freezing occurred in the pre-cambrian, more than 60 years back. It is felt that there happened a greater amount of worldwide glaciations. They contrasted in time and stretch yet when an all out snow occasions, life could be appended on ice free asylums or at places where daylight oversaw entrance through the ice permitting photosynthesis. The rivals of the hypothesis challenge the impact of the proof for the glaciation, the geophysical practicality of the ice and the trouble in getting away from the solidified condition. 5. Do some exploration on the warming in the ice and the defrosting of Arctic permafrost which discharges Methane as a feature of the defrosting procedure. Talk about whether you think we are presently heading towards an atmosphere

Computer Mediated Learning

There are numerous definitions accessible that endeavor to clarify learning forms conveyed, empowered or intervened utilizing electronic innovation for the unequivocal motivation behind learning. These definitions incorporate such terms as separation realizing which may happen even without electronic innovation. Separation learning has for quite a while been performed utilizing correspondence (Fee, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Computer Mediated Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A case of these terms is PC interceded realizing which is utilized to characterize any learning procedure that is encouraged by electronic innovation. PC intervened adapting in this manner infers that the learning could be encouraged by both one way and two way learning trades just as student to student trades. Among the terms that are regularly utilized and mistakenly taken to have a similar importance as PC intervened learning is the term PC created learning. PC created learning characterizes a learning procedure that is structured or designed using PC innovation (Distefano, Rudestam Silverman, 2004). This method of learning includes the utilization of creating instruments which are PC programs. These projects are utilized to make ground-breaking contents that can make helpful learning content. Preceding the rise of the web such instruments were normally used to facilitate the way toward learning. In certain reports it is expressed that by 1993, there were more than 165 writing devices accessible for use by educators (Distefano, Rudestam Silverman, 2004). In any case, with the development of the web writing instruments have quick supplanted these apparatuses. Truth be told many site page engineers have taken to utilize the writing to portray the procedure of website page creation (Distefano, Rudestam Silverman, 2004). One significant bit of leeway that is the aftereffect of the development of the World Wide Web is the straight forwardness with which substance can be changed and refreshed. This seems to have been a significant inadequacy of the early models of PC composed learning tools. Other terms that have for some time been utilized reciprocally with PC intervened learning are PC based preparing and PC helped guidance. These methodologies have for since a long time ago utilized installed inquiries in an instructional module to decide ways for singular understudies (Ifenthaler Seel, 2010). One of the most well-known employments of this methodology is in the testing of understudies situated in different remote areas. The cutting edge approach is to utilize the outcomes from the tests to manage the arrangement of guidance dependent on understudy needs (Ifenthaler Seel, 2010). As the conversation has shown huge numbers of these various terms were utilized dependent on the requirements of the vendor.Advertising Looking for exposition on instruction? We should check whether we can support you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More The objective seemed to have been to put the merchant at the middle stage. In light of these numerous definitions there has been a need to think of a solitary term that will give a helpful umbrella to all these various exercises. (Charge, 2009). Terms, for example, separation discovering that rose up out of learning establishments however legitimate are still very various. It is therefore that the term e-learning is truth turning into a more advantageous umbrella term than any of the recently referenced definitions. As indicated by the American Society for Training and Development, â€Å"e-learning covers a wide arrangement of utilizations, for example, electronic learning, PC based learning, virtual homerooms and advanced collaboration† (Fee, 2009). This definition seems reasonable particularly because of the way this is the world’s biggest expert body for proficient turn of events and learning. The associations participation is acco unted for to be in the scope of 70,000 and the body can be found in very nearly 100 nations over the globe (Fee, 2009). This enormous enrollment and worldwide portrayal makes this body more reasonable than most to characterize discovering that includes the utilization of PCs and computerized innovation. It is conceivable that as times passes by this term and the going with definition will supplant the many befuddling terms that have been utilized both previously and today to portray the job and cooperation between PC, understudies and guidance. References DiStefano, A., Rudestam. K. E., Silverman, R. J. (2004). Reference book of Distributed Learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Expense, K. (2009). Conveying E-Learning: A total technique for structure, application and appraisal. London: Kogan Page Limited. Ifenthaler, D., Seel, N. M. (2010). PC Based Diagnostics and Systematic Analysis of Knowledge. New York: Springer Science + Business Media LLC.Advertising We will com pose a custom article test on Computer Mediated Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This exposition on Computer Mediated Learning was composed and presented by client Thunderball to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

How to Flag comments as spam from Blogger Comment Tab

How to Flag comments as spam from Blogger Comment Tab There are many unnecessary spam comments receiving every Blog. We can resist those spam comments easily. Google has already enabled automatic spam detection for comments. You should occasionally check the comments in your spam inbox. As a result when someone makes any spam comment then Googles spam detector will identify the comment with hidden link. And automatically Google will send that comment in Spam inbox. But this is not possible to detect all spam comments accurately. For this reason we have to take a manual action thus we can send comments from telemarketer and with hidden links in our Spam box. The following tutorial might be helpful for flag a comment as spam from Blogger comments tab. Step 1 Sign in to your Blogger Account and Go to Blogger Dashboard Step 2 Now Under -Comments tab -Published or -Awaiting moderation and select any spammy comment. Step 3 Now mouse over on comment and 3 text link will appear. Like Remove content | Delete | Spam. So simply click on Spam text link. Step 4 Now that comment will be flag as spam and automatically send to spam inbox. Step 5 Simply go to -Comments tab -Spam and see the spam comment that you have just flagged in Published or Awaiting moderation comment tab. I hope this tutorial will help you to detect spam comment. And you can help Google by marking good and spam comment. And for building better Blog you must remove all spammy comment thus Google can penalize them. Whenever any telemarketer make comment with hidden link I just flag them as spam in my blog.

Controversy ove the Patriot Act Essay - 2105 Words

Still Free to Speak about the USA PATRIOT Act To some, the United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) act is a law essential to winning the War on Terrorism; for others, this act is viewed with utmost contempt for its Orwellian nature allowing Big Brother to read your email and look through your library records. The security versus liberty debate prevails with both sides citing legal and ethical reasons in support or in opposition to this controversial act. Hastily passed with virtually no debate forty five days after the terror attacks of September 11, the USA PATRIOT act’s stated purpose is to â€Å"deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the†¦show more content†¦The controversy surrounding this law mounts from claims from civil libertarians that the USA PATRIOT act interferes with many constitutionally guaranteed rights and liberties including the First Amendment; many neo-conservatives maintain that the act is nec essary to protect Americans from future attacks of terrorism. Critics of the USA PATRIOT act are unified in their claim that the law is unconstitutional. In the case Humanitarian Law Project v. John Ashcroft, U.S. District Judge Audrey Collins handed down the first ruling against the USA PATRIOT act since its inception calling the ban on providing â€Å"expert advice or assistance† â€Å"impermissibly vague† and in violation of the First and Fifth Amendments. In another, more recent, ruling, U.S. District Judge Victor Marrero ruled that a key component of the USA PATRIOT act, which allowed the FBI to demand information from Internet service providers without public review or judicial oversight, violates free-speech rights by imposing permanent silence on targeted companies. Marrero wrote that â€Å"democracy abhors undue secrecy (Doe v. Ashcroft).† In a current challenge to the USA PATRIOT act, the ACLU claims that a certain fear of the law has caused a â₠¬Å"dramatic decline† in memberships and donations of mosques and has forced a church-sponsored group that aids

Barbarism Definition and Examples in Language

Broadly defined, barbarism  refers to incorrect use of language. More specifically, barbarism is a word considered improper because it combines elements from different languages. Adjective: barbarous. Also known as  barbarolexis.  The term barbarism, says  Maria Boletsi, is associated with unintelligibility, lack of understanding, and mis- or noncommunication. Observation Maria BoletsiThe term barbarism is associated with unintelligibility, lack of understanding, and mis- or noncommunication. These associations can also be extracted from the etymology of barbarian: in ancient Greek, the word barbaros imitates the incomprehensible sounds of the language of foreign peoples, sounding like bar bar. The foreign sound of the other is dismissed as noise and therefore as not worth engaging... Those tagged as barbarians cannot speak out and question their barbarian status because their language is not even understood or deemed worthy of understanding. The Barbarous Tongue Patricia PalmerEurope had long practice in attaching the epithet barbarous to tongue and, through that pairing, making language a key term in defining barbarism... Barbarism itself, etymologically rooted in barbaros, the babbling outsider unable to speak Greek, is a concept grounded in linguistic difference...The concept of the barbarous tongue presupposes, at a stroke, a hierarchy of both languages and societies. There are, it suggests, civil societies with civil tongues and barbarian societies with barbarous tongues. The connection is seen as causal. The belief that civil tongues begot civil societies was widely accepted from antiquity onwards. Examples of Barbarisms Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michale PatzoldBarbarisms include a number of different things. For example, they may be foreign expressions deemed unnecessary. Such expressions are regarded as fully acceptable if there is not a shorter and clearer English way to the meaning or if the foreign terms are somehow especially appropriate to the field of discourse (glasnost, Ostpolitik).  Quand mà ªme for anyhow or bien entendu for of course, in contrast, seem to be pretentious (Burchfield 1996). But who is to draw the line in matters of taste and propriety? Other examples of barbarisms are archaisms, regional dialect words, slang, cant, and technical or scientific jargon. In all of these cases, the same questions ultimately arise. A skilled writer can use any of these barbarisms to good effect, just as avoiding them does not make a bad writer any better. Television John AytoThe first name proposed for [television] appears to have been televista . . .. Television proved much more durable, although for many decades it was widely condemned by purists for being a hybrid word--tele- being ultimately of Greek origin and vision- of Latin origin.Leslie A. WhiteTelevision is one of the most recent offspring of linguistic miscegenation. Fowler on Barbarisms H.W. FowlerThat barbarisms exist is a pity. To expend much energy on denouncing those that do exist is a waste. George Puttenham on Barbarisms (1589) George PuttenhamThe foulest vice in language is to speake barbarously: this terme grew by the great pride of the Greekes and Latines, when they were dominatours of the world, reckoning no language so sweete and civill as their owne and that all nations beside them selves were rude and uncivill, which they called barbarous: So as when any straunge word not of the natural Greeke or Latin was spoken in the old time they called it barbarisme, or when any of their owne naturall wordes were sounded and pronounced with straunge and ill shapen accents, or written by wrong orthographie as he that would say with us in England, a dousand for a thousand, isterday for yesterday, as commonly the Dutch and French people do, they said it was barbarously spoken.

Saving the Belize Barrier Reef - 1525 Words

Off the Caribbean coast of Belize, between Mexico and Guatemala, lies the Belize Barrier Reef, the largest reef in the northern and western hemispheres. The reef is home to many species of coral reefs, coastal lagoons, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests. It provides a habitat for a large number of fish species and many endangered animals. With global warming issues, local activities, and mass tourism threatening the very existence of the reef, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) has made the Belize Barrier Reef part of the World Heritage list, which preserves and protects the cultural and natural heritage around the world. Diversity of Life Forms The Belize Barrier Reef is habitat to a†¦show more content†¦Place a permanent prohibition on the sale /lease of lands within the WHS 3. Prohibit dredging and alterations of mangroves within and in close proximity to the WHS 4. Complete, adopt and implement the Coastal Zone Management Plan 5. Adopt and implement the revisions aimed at strengthening the Mangrove Protection Regulations 6. Fill gaps in marine protected areas, including an increase in the amount of marine territory under full protection (now less than 4%) 7. Revise the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and process to include stronger consideration for the cumulative impacts of developments 8. Adopt and implement the National Protected Areas Co-Management Framework for Belize We urge the government to keep collaborating with non-governmental partners. Unfortunately, reversing the trend of reef decline is increasingly more difficult† (Gonzalez, 2009, p 1). Individual Support Each individual has the power to contribute to the preservation of endangered areas such as the Belize Barrier Reef. The easiest and most common form of contribution is a monetary donation to an organization that supports this cause. Preservation efforts cost the government large sums of money every year. Donations will help to offset the costs of these projects. A couple of organizations that support the preservation of the Belize Barrier Reef are the Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute, and the United Nations Foundation.Show MoreRelatedManatees, The Gentle Giant Is Going Extinct Essays1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) is a marine mammal that lives in the coastal waters and around the offshore reefs of Belize. Manatees have large gray bodies covered with algae or barnacles. They are herbivores that consume marine vegetation such as sea grass and surface regularly to breathe. They reside in sea grass beds and in mangroves that provide them with shelter. The West Indian Manatee is listed as vulnerable under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and may eventually beRead MoreHuman Overpopulation And Its Effects On Coral Reefs1540 Words   |  7 Pages coral reefs have died off due to a chemical process known as bleaching. NOAA states in â€Å"What is coral bleaching?†, bleaching is the by-product of corals getting too warm; when corals get too warm they expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues, which causes them to turn completely white. Today, the remaining coral reefs are being stressed by the human inhabitants who exist upon the land masses from which these reefs neighbor; which, in turn, has caused these remaining reefs to approachRead MoreThe Diagram Above Shows Recreation, Sports, Tourism, And Parks Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesPersonally, I have used my leisure time to pursue recreational activities or sports in a park setting. One of my favorite’s adventures would be sn orkeling and free diving in Belize at the Barrier Reef Reserve System, a UNESCO site. After months of saving and planning we set off to Central America to see the 2nd largest barrier reef. It is a spectacular experience I would recommend to anyone. Another notable adventure would include a road trip traveling west across our country, visiting national parksRead MoreEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism6014 Words   |  25 PagesSewage Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increased sewage pollution. Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes serious damage to coral reefs because it stimulates the growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals, hindering their ability to survive. Changes in salinity and siltation can have wide-ranging impacts on coastal environments. And sewage pollution can threaten the healthRead MoreCxc Mutipe Choice Questions13016 Words   |  53 Pages 1961 c) July, 1963 d) July, 1974. The four countries that attended the first Heads of Government Conference were: a) Jamaica, Guyana, Grenada and Barbados b) Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago c) Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Belize d) Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica and St. Lucia. Carifta came into being on: a) May 1, 1968 b) July 1, 1968 c) August 1, 1968 d) May 1, 1971. After the inception of Carifta, three functional institution were set up except: a) The Commonwealth

Photograph Analysis Essay Example Andy Warhol Example For Students

Photograph Analysis Essay Example Andy Warhol Outline1 Introduction2 Life after school3 The bright page in life Introduction One of the prominent and gifted artists, who made a great difference in the art, is Andy Warhol. Andy became a symbol of what is now called the pop art movement. So, let us reveal Andy’s path to success. Andy was born in 1928 as a fourth child in a family. He is said to be given birth in Slovakia, and in a little while, his parents moved to the USA. As a child, Andy always took an interest in art and showed his drawing skills. Everything would be great if not chorea which confined him to bed during the period of studying at school.   Disease affected Andy’s muscles, so he was not able to control his movements. That was a time when he started painting landscapes, portraits and even some colleges. By practising to draw the objects that surrounded him, he managed to develop his own unique and special style. These were the first steps to success and fame. Life after school After graduating from high school, Warhol enrolled at Carnegie Institute of Technology to study the art of graphics. Later he started working as a commercial designer. He worked in the fashion and advertising industries. While creating shoe designs for a British publisher of magazines and comics L. Miller and Son, he used a special technique. Andy painted the shoe with pencil and then covered the outline with wet ink. The final step was to blot the outline onto another piece of paper and then color the shoe with vivid shades. The late 50s was the period when Warhol turned onto photography, which became his new passion. At the beginning of the 60s, the artist made his contribution to the development of Coca-Cola, by designing its cans. That was quite a profitable experience for Andy. Due to his exhibition of works in a gallery in the 60s, the artist gains another recognition. Along with others, there were works where he painted Campbell soup jars and Coca-Cola bottles. It was the year of 1964 when Andy’s creativity resembled in making films. According to his words, to be a moviemaker is much easier than a painter. The only thing required in moviemaking is switched on cameras.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Empire† is one of his first films, where Andy wanted the Empire Building to become a star. The director managed to find a great audience, even though some found Andy as a beginner of a graphics screen sexuality. His â€Å"Blue Movie† depicts a man and a woman, who live there every day loving each other. Warhol made a documentary about real love, as it is, worth attention. The bright page in life 1964 was also the year when Andy Warhol created two of his works – a huge mural â€Å"Thirteen Most Wanted Men†   and another artwork under the title â€Å"Electric chair†. The last one belongs to a series of artworks, which is called Death and Disaster series. Although all the previous pictures belonging to this series depict the human suffering and tragedies, Electric Chair was deprived of any presence of a man. The broadsheet of â€Å"Thirteen Most Wanted Men† became the main topic of a thesis written by Richard Meyer. In the first part, he dwells upon the possible reasons for Robert Moses’ censorship of Warhol’s artwork and his forbiddance to install it. The second part contains an analysis of the possible connection between a gay male culture and Andy Warhol. Being widely known, the artist opened his own studio under the title â€Å"The Factory†. It was a place where he worked as well as had parties and meetings with other celebrities. .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .postImageUrl , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:hover , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:visited , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:active { border:0!important; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:active , .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98 .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue099f8965fe69e7a27bccdd2c7e3ac98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Time for Americans To Be A Family EssayIn 1968, one of Andy’s models Valerie Solanas, who was a feminist, shot him. Warhol had a long and difficult surgical operation, during which he experienced apparent death. Now, when his life was saved, and he started recovering from injuries, he declined to roll over on Valerie. Nonetheless, Valerie got in prison for three years. Such an incident had a great impact on Warhol’s further life. It had changed him to a great extent. His further artworks contain elements of death and depict it. For instance, Marilyn Monroe’s death had gone to Andy’s heart so deep, that he decided to devote a picture to the actress. Some critics separate this period of Andy’s creativity from the rest. Andy, himself, was now focused not on making artworks, but more on making good money. During the next 16 years, his works brought him a good fortune. However, not everything was about money. Andy wanted so that everyone could afford to buy his work, so he produced the prints of his works all around. Andy Warhol also stood a chance to create silk screen painting of endangered animals entitled â€Å"Edangered Species† for the organization which defended wild animals. The painter died at the age of 58 in 1987 in New York because of a heart arrest. His body was taken to Pittsburgh. The body rests next to his mother and father. Andy Warhol is a perfect example of how doing what you may transfer a person from rags to riches.

The Taming of the Shrew Essay Paper Example For Students

The Taming of the Shrew Essay Paper Shakespeare a well known playwright throughout the 16th Century wrote many comedies and tragedy plays to entertain Elizabethan audiences. The plays were aimed at all classes and ages, after being performed in front of Queen Elizabeth, and approved of. Queen Elizabeth was very feministic and The Taming of the Shrew faired well with the monarch. One of the leading characters, Katherina, is very feisty and classes herself as better or at least equal to men, something unheard of in Elizabethan society. Men were seen as the superior sex, where as women were expected to be sub-dominant and weak. Their role was not to challenge the husband, but to support him; also women were seen as an asset to a married man. Reasons for this philosophy perhaps resided in The Great Chain of Being, a concept accepted and followed by society at the time. These stereotypical views of women were challenged by The Taming of the Shrew. The play revolves around four main characters and a whole host of involved background characters. There are two love stories running through-out, which become tangled and more complicated as the plot thickens and emotions run wild. We will write a custom essay on The Taming of the Shrew Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the most complicated aspects of the play is that characters repeatedly dress up as each other a concept taken from Commedia dellArte. Amusement is also due to the dramatic irony because the audience know of the costume capers, where as the characters in the play do not. Modern audiences might not find some of the disguise antics comedic as they might see them as foolish and stupid. However Elizabethan audiences would have found this confusion amongst characters and visual antics amusing as most of the audience would not have been well educated. The more sophisticated wordplay and punning would also rely on exaggerated actions and the slapstick humour so often seen in Shakespearian plays something else taken from Commedia dellArte. This would help to explain why there are so many scenes involving exaggerated movements, and farcical actions such as when Katherina is fighting with Petruchio. Katherina is the plays antagonist. Widely reputed throughout Padua to be a shrew, Katherine is foul-tempered and sharp-tongued at the start of the play. She constantly insults and degrades the people around her, and often resorts to violence and wild displays of aggression. It is generally perceived that her erratic behaviour is genetic, however we sometimes see the real Katherina which could lead us to believe that her behaviour is the result of many different factors; one being her jealousy for the way Baptista treats Bianca. She may act like a shrew because she is miserable and desperate. However, she is still a very fiery character, a feminist. Katherinas character challenged the stereotypes withheld at the time, which women were nothing more than housewives, possessions to be owned by their husbands. This stereotype partly came about through The Great Chain of Being, which states that women are below men. However the monarch at the time Queen Elizabeth I was a very feministic queen. Katherinas independant stance would have faired well with the Queen as they followed the same principles. Katherinas behaviour would also startle Elizabethan audiences as it was unheard of at the time this could provide humour.

Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essays

Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essays Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essay Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essay Course: Contemporary Strategic Analysis (fall 2011) Analysis of the Russian telecommunication industry the case of MTS 1. - Speculate on the distinctive features of the telecom industry and define their effect on the company strategy. Historical background To start with, the telecommunication industry for a long time seen as a provider of public goods, next to post service and railway, also involves heavy investments at a steady but relatively small cashflow income. Hence, it was seen that economics of scale are need to lead such a business successfully. Historically this industry was highly regulated in form of monopolistic companies owned by the government. According to Fransmann (2011) in the days of the Old Telecoms Industry the conventional wisdom was that telecoms was an example of ‘natural monopoly’, that is due to increasing returns to scale telecoms services could only be provided efficiently by a monopoly provider. Accordingly, in most industrialized countries was dominated by a monopoly network operator. The situation could be described as closed innovation system, very high entry barriers (in fact impossible to enter), very few innovators, fragmented knowledge base, medium-powered incentives, Slow, sequential, innovation process. Because of missing competition the price-quality relationship of telecom services in most countries was a disaster and companies still didn’t manage to operate profitably. This was the case in almost all countries before the 1980 and 90’s when liberalization made it possible for private â€Å"high-tech† players to enter the market when in the mid-1980s, for different political-economic reasons, Japan, the UK and US decided to end the monopolies of their monopoly network operators. The result was the birth of the original new entrants. The new era From the late-1990s, it was clear that a qualitative change had occurred in the Telecoms Industry in the early-1990s, signifying the birth of the New Telecoms Industry. The most evident sign of qualitative change was the rise of the new new entrants who quickly eclipsed the original new entrants and became the biggest threat to state enterprises. For the new entrants fast growth was needed in order to have economics of scale and cost-efficiency to pay back loans for investments and satisfy shareholders (Fransmann, 2011). With such low technological barriers to entry, the result has been a highly competitive market for network services. However, the contribution of specialist technology suppliers was not confined to the supply of technology. A significant bottleneck is the factor of human resources provided through the operations of the labor market to both the original new entrants and new ones. Moreover, financial markets have a big influence as they, firstly, facilitate the entry and initial growth of new entrants, in particular the new entrants and, secondly, facilitate the ‘re-shuffling of the capital stock’ that has taken place as both network operators and specialist technology suppliers with highly valued shares have used their valuable ‘paper’ (shares) to acquire the complementary knowledge and tangible assets of other companies. By so doing, financial markets have facilitated the process of consolidation in the Telecoms Industry The telecommunications industry nowadays provides a number of services such as data, voice services, graphics, television, and video at increasing speeds and through diverse channels. While landline telephonic communication is still the core service mode, wireless communication, internet, cable and satellite program distribution are increasing their share in overall industry earnings. The industry is experiencing rapid deregulation and technology disruption in service offerings. In many markets across the globe, governments are revoking monopolistic policies, and older players face a new breed of competitors. According to Gupter (2008) The market of this industry includes residential customers, small businesses, and big corporate customers. In the residential customers market, competitors rely heavily on price to increase their customer base. Success depends on branding, reputation, and investment in agile order management and billing solutions. The corporate market has different characteristics as compared to residential customers. Big corporate customers are ready to pay premium for the quality and reliability of their voice services and data delivery. They are less price-sensitive when special services like virtual private network, data security, and videoconferencing come into picture. Telecom operators also provide network connectivity services to other companies that need it. The players with far-reaching networks lend circuits to heavy network users like large corporations and internet services providers (Gupter, 2008). Porter’s five forces analysis In order to analyze the industry we can take Porter’s model and look at the five forces which dominate circumstances. Firstly, looking at the rivalry within the market, we can say that from the former monopolistic industry, as described before, the situation went to fierce competition with high price pressure in most markets. Moreover, technologies are changing very fast and, hence, operators need to constantly adapt and to investment into RD. In addition, there are quite high exit barriers as companies have a lot of technical investments which usually cannot be devested without considerable losses. To sum it up, we can say that this industry compresses a highly competitive and difficult environment. When looking at possible substitutes, we can find that the internet makes a huge competition for classical telecom providers. Especially free-internet call services like Skype offer a very good alternative. Anyway, right now there is no real 100% substitute possibility for mobile phone services which could offer the same satisfaction of needs at reasonable cost. Hence, we can conclude that there is only little till medium competition for telecom providers at the very moment. Speaking of suppliers’ power we can conclude that main actors are technology companies selling equipment plus governmental agencies giving licensees which is done usually only once this is not a constant pressure on telecom enterprises. Moreover, we can state that there is a vast number of technology suppliers which decreases their power. On the other hand, the power of buyers strongly increased during the last years as their choice of providers, fighting each other, grew a lot. In some segments or markets customer power can be lower because of less competition (e. g. France, Germany) whereas in other markets it is huge (e. g. Austria, Estonia). To conclude, we can say that the overall situation in the industry is challenging for telecom providers but, nevertheless, many people keep saying that competition is good for business. One approach to deal with these tricky circumstances within the industry is an extensive expansion strategy, which is discussed consequently by the case of MTS. 2. - Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the company strategy in Russia and in CIS; think of possible ways of improving it. MTS nowadays is the number telecommunication player in the CIS. During 1993-2001, MTS was developing on the domestic market, increasing its coverage area by regional expansion within Russia. In 2002-2004 the company started its internationalization by expanding to neighboring CIS countries and has used a very aggressive strategy driven by mergers and acquisitions. Starting from its home market, Russia, the operator firstly entered Belarus and, consequently, Ukraine by acquiring and development a big local player. Entering new markets According to Lisitsyn (2008), for any company in the mobile communication sector, entering new markets to extend its network largely through the usage of existing infrastructure in the country of destination. From that point of view, the higher the level of its technological development the more attractive is the target market. This factor also strongly favors acquisitions of existing companies, which operate on the local mobile communications market and have their own infrastructure and subscriber base. In addition to that, a regulatory factor is rather important for mobile communications sector as the state quite often tries to protect it from foreign operators. In general, a combination of technological and regulatory considerations largely predetermines foreign market entry mode for the companies in the sector. Entry modes for MTS were predetermined by technological and regulatory considerations. As for target markets, they largely resulted from historical and cultural traditions, common infrastructure network, similar business practices, and development of re-integration process within the framework of the CIS. As the company started its internationalization already in 2002 by entering several markets in the region, it could gradually increase its experience and build up competence and use its knowledge and existing positions as â€Å"the platform† for future expansion to other CIS countries. Due to various types of similarities between Russia and its neighbors MTS may better understand market environment in the region in comparison with Western counterparts, and therefore use this understanding as its competitive advantage. At the same time, the main threats would most probably come not from national telecom service suppliers, but from large Western telecoms with huge financial recourses. Regarding regulatory issues, it is necessary to mention that without the political will of the national authorities MTS could not get access to their privatization processes. In addition to that, due to the high level of monopolization in most of the countries under review, in order to be successful MTS should establish a good relationship with local anti-monopoly agencies. MTS positions itself as an international company and the leading mobile service provider in Russia and the CIS countries. Hence, in three cases (out of four) it entered foreign countries by purchasing the most successful national mobile companies with prominent market shares. Only in Belarus it partly made greenfield investments and then the company did its best to gain the leading position in the local telecom sector. Drawbacks of the acquisition strategy In order to discuss the disadvantages of MTS’ growth strategy we firstly need to sum up its pluses. As discussed before the advantages of external growth, in our case acquisition of already existing telecom firm in new markets, the growth is not limited by internal resources. This means that the company does not need to invest in building up new infrastructure, getting state licenses and creating a first customer base. Moreover, there is not such an extensive pressure on the working capital for such initial investments– instead the firm just acquires another full-functional company which can be seen in the balance sheets and increases the enterprise value. Another point it, that it may reduce the number of competitors on the market. The acquisition can include the managerial skills, customers, goodwill, patents, and other intangible assets of the acquired business. Also, there may be tax and accounting elements which could be available. Added economies of scale may result from the elimination of duplication in facilities, management personnel, purchasing practices, and improved utilization of fixed assets. Nevertheless, the strategy of growth through acquisition has also its drawbacks. This includes that the company also acquire assets specific to the business, meaning that MTS had to acquire the whole target in one piece even if some business units or assets were completely useless and difficult to resell again. Another point is that there might be creditors or minority shareholders of an acquired business. In the case of MTS there are other shareholder in Georgia, Kirgizstan and Armenia, holding each between 25 and 49 percent of the local company’s stock. Such shareholders not only absorb profits but also can bring in their personal interests which might conflict with the group’s expansion strategy. Moreover, in the course of such an MA expansion strategy the company must go through costly negotiations and the problems of corporate valuation. This risk especially applies to MTS’ situation as it is assumed that the operator paid too much for some of its assets acquired. Prices of stakes are usually not evaluated on an asset-based approach but on the basis of discounted future cashflows. Since this take a look in the future and estimate such cashflows is an impossible task, such evaluations are based on assumptions and personal expectations. Recent outlooks – new product markets entry As MTS managed to capture a huge market within the CIS region, they now focus on extending their business field in those markets. By doing so, they again use the MA strategy by building partnerships and closing mergers with expert companies in order to avoid unnecessary investments in RD and infrastructure which can increase entry barriers which may discourage new competition. According to Andrey Dubovskov, the new MTS Groups’ President and CEO (since 2011), the company the merger with Comstar, the leading fixed broadband and cable television provider in Russia, allowed the company to enter the promising fixed line market. Given the low levels of Internet penetration and positive socio-economic factors, as well as the strong brand and large subscriber base of MTS, they believe in a good chance of capturing significant growth in this market. Following the completion of the merger and the integration of Comstar’s operations, wants to offer their customers a wide range of convergent products with quality customer care. On the operational level, the merger will allow MTS to realize hundreds of millions USD in synergies as they cut on SGA and infrastructure-related expenses. As Andrey Dubovskov says, further mergers are planned to expand in other business of such kind. Conclusions According to Lisitsyn (2008), the growth could be explained by two main reasons: An urgent need for modern communication tools on the one hand, and aggressive marketing campaigns of mobile service providers on the other hand. Of course this kind of aggressive expansion strategy could only be achieved by huge capital investments. This capability is bound to a strong and big home-market (Russian Federation) as well as a big and financially solid owner (Sistema). As those factors are fulfilled MTS’ business expansion and growth strategy is absolutely successful. There were some drawbacks mentioned before among which the problem of corporate evaluation plays an essential role. It can be assumed that MTS paid too high prices for some of its acquisition as expectations at the time of transaction were too optimistic. Anyway, capturing a top market position in markets with high potential growth, at least in the long-term perspective (even Ukraine will recover and become a solid economy one day) will pay off. An alternative and more conservative way of growing would have been to use its own experience in terms of technology and marketing by going for the slower â€Å"green-field† approach and fighting local players directly. This sounds good in theory, but as mentioned before the market conditions in CIS are affected by protectionism, entry-barriers and corruption. Hence, to acquire an already existing successful player avoids a lot of troubles. References Gupta, Aman; BPTrends: ‘Pursuit of the Perfect Order: Telecommunications Industry Perspectives’, November 2008 * Fransman, Martin; Telecoms Policy Magazine: Mapping The Evolving Telecoms Industry: The Uses And Shortcomings of The Layer Model, 2011 * Business Monitor International; Canada Telecommunications Report: Regulatory Environment Industry Developments, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), 2010 * Dubovskov, Andrey; Financial times: Company interview: MTS Group (MBT); 2011 * Lisi tsyn et. l, Journal of East-West Business: ‘Russian Telecommunication Company MTS Goes to the CIS’, 2008 * Huyghebaert, Nancy; Universiteit Leuven Academic papers: Determinants of Growth through Mergers and Acquisitions An Empirical Analysis, 2008

Intellectual Property Law in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intellectual Property Law in the U.S - Essay Example According to the case scenario, Jossup Enterprises created a unique security protection program, which is programmed to check the integrity of downloaded files in a designated system. This company also plans to license the security program to its clients at a fee on a regular basis to each user. Therefore, in order for the company to avoid some of the common legal issues associated with intellectual property law, they should construct licensing contracts. These licensing contracts will substantially help the company in generating greater innovations. The licensing of contracts will also lead to increased profits, which are some of the terms contained in the contract agreement (Landes & Posner, 2003). The cost of production is also reduced significantly but, the cost in terms of contract negotiations is still a discouraging limitation. In conclusion, the United States has an association known as the Intellectual Property Law Corporation of America, which has its headquarters in Virginia. This association deals with the intellectual property law in the United States. Patents, trademark regulations and trade secrets are can also be utilized by Jossup Enterprises due to the commercial value of their security protection program (Landes & Posner,

Stalin's Effects on Society and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stalin's Effects on Society and Politics - Essay Example Further, by forging a communist bloc from Asia to Europe, Stalin helped to form the basic framework of international politics in the second half of the twentieth century (Kopstein & Lichbach: 212-213). The Soviet dictator Josef Stalin was a convinced communist as well as a staunch supporter of Lenin’s ideas about party organization. He was able to gain unprecedented political power, rising to the highest position in the Leninist party based on his better institutional supports, organizational skills, ideological concepts, his implacable loyalty to the party as well as faith in its eventual triumph. Stalin did his best to enforce Leninist principles of â€Å"democratic centralism†, of strict party discipline and control over a hostile society (Kopstein & Lichbach: 214). Several issues confronted Marxists in the Soviet Union, following their revolutionary victory, such as, how to build â€Å"socialism† in a predominantly peasant country without the support of proletarian revolutions in more advanced capitalist countries. The policies that were formulated and implemented by Stalin, ultimately destroyed millions of people and left a heavy burden of economic conditions as a legacy for post-Soviet Russia. Yet, Stalinism was the most consistent ideological position that could successfully be adopted after Lenin’s death, as compared to the three opposing positions adopted by Stalin’s opponents belonging to the Left, the Right and the Orthodox Center. The Left was headed by the famous revolutionary Leon Trotsky who incited Soviet workers to redouble their efforts to rapidly build a strong industrial infrastructure, and argued that the Bolsheviks should stive to foment revolutions throughout western Europe. However, Trotsky’s pow er and influence declined rapidly by 1924, with party members and ordinary workers tiring of revolutionary appeals after three years of world war, a year of revolution and three years of

The Inelastic Price Demand For Wheat

The Inelastic Price Demand For Wheat From a case study South Africas price of an agricultural commodity wheat fall because their suppliers United States had a boosted productivity of wheat caused by snowfall weather conditions. It is therefore concluded that the supply of wheat is elastic as the production of wheat can vary from year to year due to competition on market and whether conditions .The demand of wheat is inelastic because the consumer responsiveness is small when there is a decrease in the price of wheat .Wheat can also be viewed as normal good. [Word Count 887] South Africas wheat price fall for the first time after the price of the grain in the US dropped as snowfall in US boosted harvest. This increase in productivity of wheat in United States has an impact on South Africas wheat price because South Africa is a net importer of wheat. The nation is the regions biggest importer after Nigeria and Sudan, according to US Department of Agricultural data (Bloomberg News, 2013, 1).The snowfall resulted in more productivity of wheat therefore creating a high competitive market between the suppliers and consumers since wheat has a number of daily products .The price of wheat is therefore forced by market competition to decrease to P0 also creating a new market equilibrium E1. P S0 S1 P1 E0 P0- E1 D Quantity 0 q1 q2 q3 Therefore this production increases according to Parkin et el An increase in supply brings a shift of the supply curve to the right, (Parkin et al, 2010:104). Therefore the quantity of wheat supplied by United States will results in the supply curve S0 shifting to the as shown by the bold arrow .In this article the wheat production was boosted by snowballs falling on wheat farms, making the weather more favourable to produce more of wheat. This is an example of natural cause of production as there was no any human input to increase production. On the other natural causes can also have negative impacts for example if wheat is attacked by some kind of disease or pest the production will be very low. Other factors that increases the quantity supplied are, technology according to Econport production technology is involved in the process part. Increases in the level of production technology can make that process more efficient, (Econport, 2013).Technological advancements for example if a new wheat harvester machine is introduced the results are more wheat productivity and more surplus. This production is also affected by the number of suppliers in wheat market which when there are many they create a competitive market whereby the suppliers will not determine prices Supply for wheat is elastic since the supply of wheat varies every year which is caused by weather, in this case snowfalls and also the market competition as shown by the supply curve S0 which are less steeper and elasticity is greater than 1.Therefore a small change in the price of wheat will result will result in a larger change of quantity demanded for example if the price of wheat increases 2% quantity demanded will change by 7%. The determinants causing shifts in supply are, proportion of income for example consumers prefer commodities they can afford, the amount of the commodity demanded for example if the demand is high the suppliers are most likely to raise the commoditys price, price of related goods consumers usual prefer cheaper commodities, substitute goods related for example if the price of coffee increases the demand for tea will be high. In this case wheat is a normal good which is inelastic as consumers are less responsive to change in price. Change in demand for wheat in this article will be a small increase in amount (q1-q0).In this article the small increase is caused by price fall and in this situation consumers are more willing to buy more of wheat. The responsiveness of consumers is very small. If the price was increasing the consumers will buy less and more likely to substitute wheat with the next available alternative. Other factors include level of income if the price increases it makes a negative effect to consumers income therefore they will buy less. Consumers choice and wiliness to buy. The size of the population a larger population consumes more wheat than a smaller one and government policies for example if the government sets its minimum price above the equilibrium point the quantity demanded is reduced. Price movements are shown on the vertical axis .before the price of wheat fall the price was p1 and equal to the market equilibrium E0 where the supply and demand curves intersect. When the supply curve moved to the right the equilibrium also moved to our new equilibrium E1.As wheat price decreased our supply curve shifted to supply curve S1.This results in the shift of the market equilibrium to E1.The quantity change is (q1-q0).Looking at the demand curve we can see that it is steep therefore it has a elasticity value closer to 0 .This means wheat is relatively inelastic that is elasticity ranges between 0 and 1. This implies that change in price of wheat is greater than the change in quantity .This classifies wheat as normal goods. Thus according to Tutor2u Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity of demand, demand falls as income rises(Tutor2u,2013).For example at ceteris paribus if the price of wheat increases by 8% the quantity demanded will changes with a small percenta ge like 1%.Other types of goods are normal, luxury goods. Wheat is an agricultural commodity that is needed to produce products like bread and pastas therefore it is normal commodity and in this case consumer responsiveness to change in price is small therefore wheat is income inelastic. As wheat farmers produce more there will create a competitive market which gives us a new lower price and a new market equilibrium point E1.The supply of wheat is elastic which means a small change in price will result in a large change in quantity demanded.

Williams Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay -- Williams Cat Hot Tin Roof Ess

Williams' "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" In 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof' Williams presents the audience with w world of mendacity. Every fibre of the character's being is based on a spectrum of deceit, from self-deception, to exploitation to social lies. The characters' names themselves conceal the irony and deceit, for example Brick, the leading man. The name Brick itself suggests a tough, strong man, but Brick's character suggests a weak, pathetic man who tries hard to forget his past by indulging in a life of alcohol. Brick is mentally insecure, he lies to himself and those around him, in the first scene he pretends not to hear his wife, 'did you say something, Maggie?' The other members of the household refer to Brick as the brick house that sheltered the 'three little pigs', the strong structure that cannot be easily blown down. The 'no-neck monsters', Mae and Goopers children are the pigs, sheltered by the security of Brick. In the play lying is used to 'protect' other people's feelings because 'the truth hurts'. A web of lies covers the truth about the state of Big Daddy's health. This is to 'protect' Big Daddy and his wife from the painful reality, 'Nothin' a-tall's wrong with him but' 'a spastic colon'. Lies are used to disguise the characters real feelings, they live a lie putting on 'jewelled sandals' and 'cream silk underwear' to stop their feelings being shown. Gooper and Mae are partners in games of lies and deceit, working together to get their wishes, the inheritance from Big Daddy. The name Big Daddy suggests a physically imposing man with a big ego and Big Mama suggests a frightening woman, head of the family, a matriarch. Their names suggest how they would like others to see them but they do not... .... She builds herself up by putting Maggie down, by the end her comments have worn thin and she is ignored when she questions Maggie's 'pregnancy', Big Mama only believes what she wants to hear. It is this pressure to fit in to the family that is the source of most of the lies in the play; the audience is constantly left guessing the future, the family's lives beyond the death of 'the boss', Big Daddy. Williams leaves the end of the play open to this guessing, will Maggie get pregnant by Brick? The real question though is will Brick be able to face up to the responsibility of replacing Big Daddy and will the uncovered lies mean a truthful future for the family? I think that this is an interesting way to leave the play as it does not end 'happily ever after' but there is finally hope for the future for Maggie and Brick now they have faced up to the truth.

Politics and Emigration Paper Essay

In Jen Sookfong Lee’s The End of East, the dreams and hardships of three generations of Chinese Canadians settled in Vancouver are explored profoundly. One dominant notion that is ever present is what leaving home symbolizes for Seid Quan – the first immigrant, Pon Man – his immigrant son and his youngest Canadian born granddaughter, Samantha. Leaving home for Samantha not only meant freedom from her own family, but also facing similar adversities like making countless sacrifices and enduring numerous obligations which both Seid Quan and Pon Man underwent as well. Although they are generations apart, they lived their lives in parallel lines; however, since they were not at ease with their own identities, they could not communicate with each other past their differences. Seid Quan was very sceptical from the beginning of his journey to Canada and all the opportunities that lie ahead of him. On the boat he hears, â€Å"†¦ but there would be jobs, good paying jobs, jobs with which you could feed your family for a year with two month’s pay and in a place with that kind of opportunity, the going could only be easy† (Lee 15-16). Even these words of promise couldn’t assure him as he clearly observed that he doesn’t see any rich man on the boat. Later, he is reminded by other immigrants that he can doubt all he wants, but remember how much money the people in his village saved to send him to this golden mountain (Lee 16). At that point he realises the moral obligation towards the villagers and prepares himself for the sacrifices he will need to make. Therefore, he picked up any work that came knocking i.e. cleaning at a tailor store. To deceive himself he would say, â€Å"As long as I can send money home, that’s enough for me† (Lee 29). For Seid Quan, leaving home meant an opportunity, a chance to end poverty for his family and the villagers back in China but at the cost of being lonely. Not only was he lonely from leaving everyone he knew behind; he never got the sense of belonging in Canada even after working hard, â€Å"They are not citizens and they do not vote, so, like the ge neration before them who died, weathered and forgotten, on the cold rail lines, their suffering is barely noticed† (Lee 44). For Pon Man, leaving home wasn’t a choice; rather it was imposed on him by his parents. Even though it wasn’t his preference, he had high ambitions and expectations from Vancouver, Canada. On the contrary, his dreams start to tremble since the very first day as he says to his father, â€Å"I don’t see anything worth money here, just a room we have to share.† Disregarding the fact that Pon Man grew a teenager without even seeing his dad, he did not like his father for plenty of other reasons. For example, he loves to draw on the sketchbook which was a go away present from his mom but according to Seid Quan, â€Å"this drawing is a waste of time, time that could be spent on working hard and helping me save.†(Lee 87) Secondly, he never liked working at the barber shop which his father owned, â€Å"Pon Man gagged whenever he had to touch the wet clumps of hair that gathered in the corners of the shop and collected in the sinks.† (Lee 75). He did not like that his life was totally governed by his dad every step of the way. However, he clearly remembers his obligations towards his dad from his mother saying, â€Å"You must do what your father tells you, even if you don’t like it or don’t want to do it†¦. He’s your father and deserves your obedience.† (Lee 80) Thus, leaving home for Pon Man not only meant leaving China where he lived for the first fifteen years of his life but also breaking free from the invisible shackles that bound his dreams and ambitions to his father. Home for Samantha was something she was frightened of, as she says, â€Å"But really I am simply afraid†¦ with my mother’s footsteps coming up quick behind me, I know that I have irrevocably returned† (Lee 3). Samantha’s mother Siu Sang was very controlling of her daughters and would expect nothing but perfection as it is evident when she starts throwing the dishes (with the smallest speck of g rease) just cleaned by her young daughters. She was obligated to listen to everything her mom asks, especially coming from a Chinese background. For a period of six years she had enjoyed the freedom from her family, escaping to Montreal for studying. However she had to sacrifice her freedom and come back due to her elder sister, Penny, getting married. She looks at Penny’s face and observes, â€Å"†¦ the loosening of the muscles around her eyes and mouth. I wonder if I looked the same when I left Vancouver for Montreal six years ago, delirious with the kind of happiness only escape can bring.† (Lee 6) She realizes that her obligations for her family have made her come back to the very place which she thought she has left for good. Conversely, this time around she is certain that she will never be able to leave her responsibility as the youngest daughter, taking care of her aging mother as she says, â€Å"†¦ they all left, gradually, one after the other. Somehow, it never occurred to me that, in the end , I would be the only one still here.† (Lee 62). Thus, leaving home for her meant escaping from Vancouver, escaping from her mother – towards her freedom. Leaving home for Seid Quan and Pon Man meant similar sacrifices and obligations; however, the small differences in their ideologies created a massive communication gap between the father and son. As Seid Quan tries to make his son understand the reason for coming to Canada, he elaborates saying, â€Å"There’s no money to be made in the village, just remember that† (Lee 74). He explains the hardships back home and the importance of money. However, he contradicts himself by saying, â€Å"It’s not about expensive things. It’s about hard work and saving and supporting a family† (Lee 74). Even after working in Vancouver’s Chinatown for many years, Seid Quan wonders, â€Å"if he will ever go home for good, or if he will always be stuck in this land that shimmers with rain and is not quite dream, not quite day.† (Lee 39) He wants t o go back home but again he thinks of bringing his family over as he says, â€Å"†¦we could have built something here, lived in a house, walked through Stanley Park together.† (Lee 45) Regardless of their differences, Pon Man was like his father in a few ways, always thinking dually and that life in China was better. For example after observing the place where him and his father will be staying he says, â€Å"Our house in the village was nicer, and it didn’t smell so mouldy.† (Lee 74) He also reflects that everyone, like him, wants to escape this city, for despite the trees and mountains and pure water, Vancouver is as cold and hard at its core as anywhere else in Canada. Even though he thinks of going back and the harsh conditions life threw at him, he stays in Canada, works hard in the morning and studies in evening to become an accountant, in which he finally succeeds and moves out of Chinatown. Both father and son lived their lives in parallel lines; however they could not communicate to each other as Shew Lin, wife of Seid Quan says, â€Å"her son and husband, two men who have barely said a dozen words to each other in the last year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee 166). They never learnt to express their feelings and had to keep their inner desires hidden, unspoken, forgotten but not forgi ven. It is apparent, when Pon Man thinks he needs to be forgiven by his father, whom he despised all throughout his life, â€Å"†¦ he knows he needs to be forgiven for something, but what?† (Lee 218). In addition, Seid Quan also wanted something similar as he thought, â€Å"it was beyond him, to imagine the things he would want to say to his son, the kinds of things, he would want to ask forgiveness for (Lee 239). Thus, the very notion of cognitive dissonance is vivid throughout both their lives. On the other hand Seid Quan barely spoke with his youngest granddaughter Samantha; not because of their gap in generation but rather less because both of them were not the talkative type. After all it is repeated over and over again, how less they speak about something that actually matters as it would not make any difference to what will actually happen. It always came down to what was needed; not for the individual but for the entire family. Besides their unspoken similarities, both shared an unbound connection to their birthplace. Seid Quan always wanted to go back to China after his debts were paid off instead of bringing the family over and Samantha always wanted to leave Vancouver but leaving this place was like leaving herself. (Lee 11). In addition, it was through finding of Seid Quan’s cigarette tin, Samantha unearth a lot about her grandfather as she found the Head Tax certificate (Lee 5). In comparison, both lives of Pon Man and Samantha were governed by Seid Quan and Siu Sang respectively. Both father and daughter were under their control and always sacrificing for the family in order to meet their obligations. For Pon Man, it meant giving up art and not pursuing education after high school. Not only his dreams had to be sacrificed, he also had to work in the barbershop against his will (Lee 75, 86-87). Along the same line, Samantha had to leave Montreal and come back to Vancouver and take the responsibilities of her mother; thus sacrificing her freedom and her love affair with Matt. Both Pon Man and Samantha take defiance as their only way to revolt against their over controlled lives. Pon Man disobeys Seid Quan and goes smoking with his high school friends (Lee 81) and Samantha defies her mother by going around and having rough consensual intercourse casually. However, both father and daughter pay a price for their defiance. Pon Man gets cancer from smoking which leads to his death and Samantha wakes up from a night’s sexual encounter with a pool of blood on her bed and a visit to the hospital (Lee 154,180). Maybe it was karma or just a co-incidence but nonetheless they both had to pay for their actions. The very essence of cognitive dissonance is prominent between Seid Quan, Pon Man and Samantha in Jen Sookfong Lee’s The End of the East. Duality guided their daily lives, always having to surrender their inner desires to meet the obligations required by their family. Since none of the characters could have a firm grip on their own identities, they always suffered from expressing their feelings, even to the ones closest to them. Thus, it caused the three generations to not be able to communicate with each other past their self identity crisis.

Strategies for Competing in a Changed China - 4888 Words

Strategies for Competing in a Changed China Magazine: Summer 2004Research Feature July 15, 2004 Peter Williamson and Ming Zeng This paper presents the results of the authors’ detailed research into competition between multinationals and local Chinese companies in 10 industries over the past five years. They conclude that local companies are now threatening multinationals’ plans to conquer the China market. They analyse this new competitive game in terms of a dynamic battle of competencies. Multinationals start off with better industry-specific technology and know-how, and a higher level of competence in key functions like marketing and financial management. Chinese companies enjoy a better understanding of the local market, lower†¦show more content†¦Our research over the past five years into the battles between multinationals and local Chinese companies reveals that while market dominance by local champions is far from universal, it’s becoming ever more frequent. In industries as different as beer brewing, mobile-phone manufacturing and laundry-detergent production, Chinese com panies — often seeming to appear from nowhere — are forcing multinationals to rethink their strategies and their hopes for explosive growth in the China market. 1 The message is clear: Multinationals must factor in the existence of robust local competition, while considering the new opportunities that have opened up as a result of China’s WTO membership. To understand the way competition between multinationals and local champions is evolving and to pinpoint the keys to success, we traced the evolution of competition in China in 10 industries over the last 10 years.2 We conducted more than 100 interviews with dozens of leading companies operating in China, both multinationals and locals, and reviewed thousands of pages of secondary data. 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